图1:腹部重复CT扫描显示阑尾炎的大小增加,无相关并发症。
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Antoine El KhouryMajd Roustom亨利·拉扎乔治·查托尼El Murr*
黎巴嫩大学医学院中东卫生研究所内科,黎巴嫩哈达特*通讯作者:Tony El Murr,黎巴嫩大学医学院中东健康研究所内科,黎巴嫩哈达,电话:(961) 3347473;电子邮件:drtonimurr@hotmail.com.
阑尾炎一直被认为是一种排除性诊断。大多数时候,它是偶然诊断出来的。大多数患者表现为侧腹疼痛、左右髂窝疼痛,其他症状很少。这些发现通常会导致医生选择外科疾病。影像检查对于确认阑尾炎的诊断及避免不必要的住院及手术是非常重要的。在这篇文章中,我们提出了五个急性阑尾炎的病例,有几乎相似的症状,而我们怀疑更严重的疾病,在他们入院的急诊科(ER)。这五名患者仅接受了药物治疗,并于当天出院回家,几周后复查,随访影像显示阑尾炎完全消退。
附件炎;阑尾炎;急性腹部;血栓形成;憩室炎
阑尾炎也称为网膜阑尾炎,是一种自限性疾病,具有良性特征,在大多数情况下对药物治疗有反应。位于网膜附属物的中央静脉可受扭转或血栓的影响,从而导致网膜附属物梗死。这种情况男性比女性多4倍,平均诊断年龄为40岁[2,3]。阑尾炎的发病率是罕见的,但并没有很好的确定,因为在许多情况下,它被错误地认为是憩室炎或阑尾炎[3]。至于位置,它可以出现在任何结肠段,最常见的是直肠乙状结肠(57%的病例),其次是回盲肠(26%)。降结肠阑尾炎发生率最低,为2%[4,5]。一些危险因素增加了阑尾炎的患病率,肥胖是主要的危险因素,因为肥胖与腹膜和肠壁增厚有关。网膜附肢位于结肠的外部,面对腹膜的部分。形成的囊内充满脂肪并被绒毛膜覆盖。在每个附属物中,我们都能找到一个小的动脉和静脉,负责一小部分结肠的血液供应。 They also contain lymph nodes. The colon contains on average 75 appendages and as mentioned before they are most frequently located in the rectosigmoid colon. The appendages are bigger in size in patients that have excess fat and in those that lost weight very rapidly [6]. They have a protective role during peristalsis. When the appendage is long and large, especially in the case of obese patients, it becomes at risk of torsion that will cause ischemia and infarction of the part supplied by the corresponding vessels. As opposed to acute torsion that produces symptoms, the chronic torsion takes more time to develop and usually is asymptomatic. The most common initial presentation is lower abdominal pain, more on the left but can also occur on the right. The pain is usually constant and does not radiate and can be associated with abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and low grade fever. These associated symptoms tend to obscure the diagnosis [7]. On physical exam, the patients are hemodynamically stable as they rarely develop fever. The pain is localized to a specific area and does not produce rebound tenderness or peritoneal signs. In very few patients a mass can be detected. Laboratory studies are usually normal and no signs of inflammation [8]. As for the diagnosis, appendagitis is a diagnosis of exclusion. It’s found in patients undergoing imaging for other etiologies of lower abdominal pain. Usually it is detected by a CT scan, and when this modality is not available we can use ultrasound but it should not be included in the primary workup [9,10]. A CT scan will show a mass that is oval shaped with fat stranding next to it. It may have round shape with fat density and thickened peritoneal lining. [5,10,11]. In addition a central dot that indicates vessel thrombosis [5,11]. On ultrasound it appears as a solid, non compressible hyperechoic mass. Doppler studies will show absence of flow [12-14]. The differential diagnosis is very wide and includes all the following: abcess, appendicitis, colon cancer or metastasis, crohn’s ilitis, ectopic pregnancy, gallbladder disease, ileitis caused by infection, diverticulitis, mesenteric adenitis, mesenteric panniculitis, ovarian torsion, ruptured or hemorrhagic ovarian cyst, bowel infarction, urachal cyst. The most common being diverticulitis and appendicitis [15]. The treatment is usually medical treatment and is supportive to decrease the duration of symptoms but does not influence the actual disease progression. It consists of non steroidal anti-inflammatory medications for 4 to 6 days and if needed acetaminophen or codeine for 4 to 7 days [5,16,17]. Antibiotics are not indicated and most of the patient is discharged home as they do not require hospitalization [18]. For patients that fail to improve on medical treatment (progression with high fever, vomiting, diarrhea) or for those that develop complications such as obstruction or abscess require surgery of the affected appendage that should be resected [19].
53岁男性因亚急性左下腹腹痛入院,持续三周,用扑热息痛部分缓解。这主要是一种孤立性疼痛,除最初几天外与发热无关。他以前的病史重95公斤,他只有轻微的高甘油三酯血症没有得到治疗。他做了腹部CT扫描,IV对比显示正常的泌尿道和非特异性的小肠外网膜炎性聚集,就在乙状结肠附近,伴有几厘米的淋巴结和轻度腹膜积液;外观为典型的急性阑尾炎;患者经非甾体抗炎药(NSAID)联合奥美拉唑对症治疗10天出院;在随访时,他完全无症状,诊断后三周做了对照腹部CT扫描,显示收集完全消失。
48岁的肥胖男性患者没有重大医疗过去的历史,呈现出椎骨疼痛和左下腹痛。他没有药物。他的症状在介绍前几天开始,与恶心和呕吐和无证发烧有关。在呃,他是血流动力学稳定的,过度。他的心电图是正常的。他充分醒来,呈现正常的心脏和肺部检查。他的腹部不扩散正肠声。右上方和左下象限腹部柔软,墨菲标志正。他的实验室次疗法显示了白色计数升高的14500,具有74%的中性粒细胞和正常的CRP值。所有其他研究结果都正常,包括肝脏和胰腺功能性测试。 Cardiac enzymes were normal (non-significant). An abdominal ultrasound (abdomen) was initially performed and showed gallbladder wall thickening suggesting an acute cholecystitis. The patient was admitted to the hospital, but his left lower quadrant pain increased in severity. A CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis showed a left colon appendagitis in addition to the gallbladder finding previously detected on ultrasound. The patient has had cholecystectomy followed by three days treatment with NSAID with a complete resolution of his symptoms few days later (Figure 1).
16岁男性没有明显过去的病史,突然发作左侧疼痛辐射到左侧腹部区域。他没有泌尿症状,没有其他相关的投诉。在体育考试中,他重量55公斤,他的血压为115/70,他的脉搏每分钟90次。他的温度正常。在体育考试中,他的腹部具有正常的肠道声音,左侧柔软。没有相关的肋骨角度压痛。他的白数9000次,中性粒细胞64%,CRP水平小于10。他的尿液分析正常。对他的腹部进行CT扫描并显示出乙状腺腺炎。他被录取了1天并获得了NSAIDS,并在NSAID治疗中排出了家庭,他的症状完全解决了几天后(图2)。
图2:腹部的CT扫描显示出S形阑尾炎。
22岁以前的健康女性呈现了1天左侧疼痛的历史,没有泌尿症状。没有呕吐或腹泻。她最后的月经期间是几天前。她有正常的生命体征和重量55公斤。她的体检显示左侧柔韧。其余的检查是正常的。她的白色计数为7200,中性粒细胞67%。她的血红蛋白水平为11.1,CRP正常。她在尿液分析中有许多红细胞和白细胞,因此进行了CT扫描以排除肾盂肾炎,并且仅表明SigMoid阑尾炎。他被解雇了医疗治疗,她几天后症状(图3)。
图3:腹部CT扫描显示为乙状阑尾炎。
50岁,男性,肥胖,既往无明显病史,右下腹急性发作腹痛。尽管炎症生物标志物正常,但他因高度怀疑阑尾炎而入院。ct扫描显示在右髂窝阑尾炎的盲肠周围区域有局部脂肪浸润。没有急性阑尾炎的迹象。几天后,病人出院回家接受治疗,病情完全缓解。
58岁女性,表现为双侧腹痛和左下腹疼痛。她在2天前被诊断为左乙状阑尾炎,但她的疼痛加剧,这次与发烧有关。腹部重复CT扫描显示阑尾炎的大小增加,无相关并发症。双肾周围有浸润物,无肾盂肾炎征象。患者继续服用非甾体抗炎药物,入院数天后症状好转(图4)。
图4:腹部重复CT扫描显示阑尾炎的大小增加,无相关并发症。
阑尾炎是罕见的,但如果事实,它比我们认为的更常见,因为它的大多数时间都错过了,因为它需要成像进行诊断。许多研究讨论了这一点,两种主要的差异诊断是憩室炎和阑尾炎。我们的研究表明了其他研究,并确认了阑尾炎的诊断需要与成像的历史和体检结果的结合。我们审查了6例患有阑尾炎患者的档案,并将其与其他另外两种差异诊断进行了比较。我们发现这些患者有类似于其他疾病的症状,但大多数情况下他们不需要住院,或者需要疼痛控制的短期住院过程。他们可以在家中排出并在家中与预定的后续进行处理。我们的五名患者有位于左冒号中的阑尾炎,而其中一个位于右侧结肠。只有一名患者开发出低等级发热,具有正常的炎症标记。除了一个白色计数为14000的患者外,白数和CRP在所有情况下都在正常情况下在跟随实验室中下降。我们的大多数患者都是超重,这对于阑尾炎是典型的,并且与不同研究的发现相容。 We would like to mention that any patient, especially overweight patients, presenting with symptoms mimicking acute abdomen and normal inflammatory markers and with no fever or low grade fever, a diagnosis of appendagitis should be suspected and considered as a differential diagnosis.
阑尾炎是一种排除性诊断。所有的病人都有类似其他疾病的症状,在我们的鉴别诊断中考虑这一点很重要。最好的诊断方法是CT扫描。我们提出的6个病例都对包括非甾体抗炎药和对乙酰氨基酚在内的药物治疗有反应,他们在随访成像中显示完全的疾病缓解。他们不需要抗生素。他们中很少有人因为其他原因而要求入学。
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文章类型:案例系列
引用:El Khoury A, Roustom M, Azar H, Chaer G, El Murr T(2019)急性上睑附件炎6例报告并文献复习。临床病例4(2):dx.doi.org/10.16966/2471-4925.186
版权:©2019 El Khoury A,等。这是一篇开放获取的文章,在知识共享署名许可协议的条款下发布,该协议允许在任何媒体上无限制地使用、发布和复制,前提是注明原作者和来源。
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